The Characteristics of Scholarship Essay Samples Engineering

The Characteristics of Scholarship Essay Samples Engineering The Meaning of Scholarship Essay Samples Engineering The increasing cost of education lately have enhanced the significance of scholarship. Consequently, glance at the guidelines to understand whether there are any particular needs of the college. You will do an excellent favour to my family since they can't afford my college fees. Some scholarships will just request a statement of financial need. Once you have located a school that you truly appear to favor, you ought to make a great impression on them. Getting into one of the greatest colleges is step one towards a thriving career. Getting scholarship is similar to the blessing to such folks who can fulfil their wish of finding the excellent education. Students should focus on their strengths. They are also asked to compose scholarship essays on various social issues. They can pick any issue. They need to adopt a unique approach to deal with the theme. College education is quite vital for my future. It is dependent upon the students how they will handle the topic. In a situation like this, students may request a scholarship by writing a scholarship letter. The majority of the students aren't familiarized with that style. When these essays might seem like a little step toward your future, they're a step nonetheless. So, you should be somewhat specific in writing study objectives. Likewise somebody who has crossed the personal statement writing hurdle himself can reveal to you the suitable means to cross it. Therefore, to ensure your private statement is flawless, get it reviewed by somebody else. The Key to Successful Scholarship Essay Samples Engineering There's a greater chance you will reach your aims by writing them down. My objective is to make a Bachelor's degree. Link education to your upcoming career Elaborate how your educational background will allow you to attain your professional objectives. My goal to follow a career in the area of education has been a component of my plans since my early teen years. Our clients are privileged to relish extra services. Understanding of crucial components of succeeding from the very inception will cause the life targets and plans formation. The decision to work in education wasn't random. Engineering ethics is a run of ethical and moral standards that are associated with the discipline of engineering. Don't forget to begin your essay strongit should have the capacity to spark the interests of your readers. If you're asking for a scholarship, odds are you're likely to should compose an essay. There are various ways to begin an essay and all you have to do is to use one that can supply the most positive impact to the men and women who will review your scholarship essay. Becoming conscious of common essay mistakes and the way to repair them can help you make an impressive scholarship essay. That means you can be ensured of great scholarship essay examples. While scholarship essay format won't offer you any credentials, they ought to be able to steer you properly on how best to compose the appropriate essay. If you want to read the entire essay, download the pdf. A scholarship essay is a significant document which is used in the processes of scholarship application. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Scholarship Essay Samples Engineering The outstanding part about it's that you're not required to sign in for your purchase. To begin with, it's required to mention all the difficulties. Following that, it is suggested to conduct a thriving research on the theme for acquiring in-depth understanding. Even smallish businesses in remote towns look to the net to draw clients and spread the word for their services. Up in Arms About Scholarship Essay Samples Engineering? In addition, the writing norms and specified format is going to be taken into cons ideration when performing the endeavor. So because you can see, the registration procedure is very simple and understandable, so there are not any conundrums or trick to do that correctly. Be sure you follow what is on the direction and just use the format that we've presented if there isn't any particular format and structure requirement offered to you. You must look through some formatting guides and look closely at the specifications your institution gave you regarding the paper format.

Protection Scheme of a 3-Phase Induction Motor - 5487 Words

PLC BASED PROTECTION SCHEME OF 3-ÃŽ ¦ INDUCTION MOTOR Authors Muhammad Tariq 08-EL-85 Supervisor Engr. Farhana Umer Lecturer DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Year-2012 PLC BASED PROTECTION SCHEME OF 3-ÃŽ ¦ INDUCTION MOTOR By Muhammad Tariq 08-EL-85 THESIS SUBMITTED TO UCET, ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY OF PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELORS IN ELECTRICAL (Power) ENGINEERING Research Supervisor Engr. Farhana Umer Lecturer DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING University College of Engineering and Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur YEAR-2012 Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..vii Acknowledgement ix List†¦show more content†¦Power System fault is defined as undesirable condition that occurs in the power system. These undesirable conditions such as short circuit, current leakage, ground short, over current and overvoltage and over-temperature. With the increasing loads, voltages and short-circuit duty in distribution system, over current protection has become more important today. The ability of protection system is demanded not only for economic reason but also consumers just expect ‘reliable’ service. In a Power System Protection, the system engineer would need a device that can monitor current, voltage, frequency, temperature and in some case over power in the system. Thus a device called Protective Relay is created to serve the purpose. The protective relay is most often relay coupled with Circuit Breaker such that it can isolate the abnormal condition in the system. In the interest of reliableShow MoreRelatedReport On Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd3224 Words   |  13 Pagesand has been done with full honesty and sincerity. Akanksha Rawat Abhay Rai Sumit Sharma (Student) (Industry Guide) (Faculty Guide) INDEX 1. Introduction 2. Air conditioning 3. Pneumatic and Brake System 4. Bogie, suspension wheels 5. Coupler 6. 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Bach Ciaconna a Life of Its Own free essay sample

He gives so much of himself to his music that it translates into the performers personal maturity and musicality. each as the Progressive Composer J. S. Bach was truly ahead of his time. This poses a unique quagmire in reference to his concerns with preserving the traditions of the past. Perhaps he was so preoccupied with maintaining the life of the past that he never truly came to the realization that he had successfully incorporated his predecessors into a new design that was all his own. With his devotion based in the roots of his ancestors, It is not he who lives, it is the spirit of the time that lives in He created a masterpiece within the Cinchona in which shattered the barriers of time in that he demanded the impossible and implemented versatility within his composition. The Cinchona is impossible in terms of true polyphony on the violin. We will write a custom essay sample on Bach Ciaconna: a Life of Its Own or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [83] Bach was revolutionary in his design of the Cinchona because he incorporated the influences of other instruments, such as the organ and keyboard.Beginning on measure 161, Bach Initializes a recurring (and unrelenting) repeated figure of three as in sixteenth note succession that occur in each of the first groups of sixteenth notes. Bach even emphasizes these as by writing in a separate stem so as to suggest a difference in singular articulation versus double articulation. Example 4: measures 165-167 of the Cinchona. [84] he re-articulation of note a can almost be treated as a continuous drone against the moving melodic line, which could often be accomplished on the organ. The violin, therefore, does not represent a single unit, but the capabilities of an entire ensemble. However, from a truly polyphonic standpoint, if this work were written for the organ, the organ version would beat out the best violin version every single time lust because it can actually sustain all of the voices all of the time. [85] Bach is essentially doing the impossible, which is to say that he is creating, at times, four- part motion on an instrument that cannot actually do DRP.Williams also mentions the ability of Bachs music to go beyond the restrictions of time in terms of the individuals lifetime, as well as throughout history. I think its kind of dangerous to try to impose certain emotions or a certain time and place of your Interpretation of Bach. For me, performance is always a time capsule, or a snapshot, and a way to mark where you are as a technician as a violinist that day and that time. It is a way to really gauge how you are emotionally. .. At that point in your life. Bach is always living in the moment. What I do that day is where I am at that

Transportation Labor Unions

Literature Review Labour can be described as the effort by laborers in the production of goods and services. Primarily, labour unions arise from the wage earners who form the unions with an aim of serving them in relation to their wages and working environment. Indeed, labour unions have been in existence for a long time.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Transportation Labor Unions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The importance of the labour unions is emphasized as they have contributed towards many reformations like the United States free market. In addition, the railway labor law was passed in 1926, prohibiting discrimination against labour unions (Shills, 1971, p32). When Roosevelt became president in 1932, his new deal included fair labor act that gave workers the right to bargain and a rise in the wages, as a result unions arose and workers were represented. Heavy taxation of the wealthy, relief for the unemployed, recovery of banks were some of the major changes that arose in Roosevelt’s new deal program. Fate of Labour Unions in a Changing Economy The public suffers from the several unions’ competitive interests that result to labor unrest. Craft unions felt that skilled workers needed to be protected, whereas the industrial unions only protected the unskilled workers, therefore deeming them unsuitable for union organization. However in the 20th century the industrial unions outweighed the crafts unions, posing as a controversial shift; as the unskilled workers were viewed as unsuitable for union organization. The move by AFL to organize the unskilled workers expelled some union groups; however these unions formed the congress of industrial organization (CIO), as a result it led to the representation of several craft unions. Thereafter, competition among unions in the representation rights arose. Today, the union membership has declined and this poses great eff ects to the United States economy, of which its main basis is a free market. Wachter’s (2007 p584) article explains how labor unions have played a major role in the economic policy. Union membership increased drastically when the national labour relation act (NLRA), which had replaced the (NIRA) came to existence.Advertising Looking for research paper on transportation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The shift in employment is one of the key factors, whereby, employment is shifting from the traditional union industries. This leads to decline in labor and market of the traditional industry product; new formation of unions has proved that unions are not only limited to craft workers, thus disadvantaging the traditional industries. The opposition of unions is higher today as compared to the earlier years due to the fact that union’s pay is higher. Health and safety Acts, pensions, and benefits serve as a substitute for unions in today’s world. In this case, employees are eligible for these benefits even without having to form a union. In the United States, labor unions have been operational with the government’s assistance in ensuring that wage levels are favorable and labor is well distributed throughout the industries. Due to the rapid expansion of the global market, competition is becoming stiff, which leads to cost reduction; employers are forced to revisit employees’ wages that affect productivity. The big question however is on what matters most – employee’s job security or an organization’s productivity? Getman (2003, p125), in his article, explains further on the national labour relation act (NLRA), which was formed with an aim of spreading unionization and collective bargaining, thus carefully structured. This act provided determinants of whether employees wish to be represented by a union, and the right for an employer to bargain with the un ion. This law aimed at protecting employees by ensuring that they had the right to bargain, strike, and join a union. However, the employer has a right to discharge an unproductive employee, despite the NLRA accusations on discrimination. Getman (2003, p.132) further explains that NLRA Act was discovered a threat to employees’ strikes, and to the organization operations. The Act played a huge role in granting employee’s power and dignity, as well as the right for an employer to discharge an employee on genuine basis.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Transportation Labor Unions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Collective bargaining gave the American unions’ political power, resources, and leverage, thus forcing an employer to make reasonable rules that promote productivity. Dispute resolution was therefore successful and fast. According to Getman (2003), courts surprisingly started vi ewing NLRA issue on collective bargaining as interference, other than solution. It is however evident that lack of right to strike leads to ineffective collective bargaining, thus the desire to join unions is crashed. Baird (1987, p.934) further suggested that the whole unionism should be eliminated and pave way for a rather voluntary one, which incorporates less conflict between labor law and labor management co-operation. The author views compulsory bargaining as a threat to the development of labour management, hence appealing for laws that contain no threat. Baird adds that the Clayton Act (1914), Norris-La Guardia Act (1932), and the NLRA (1934) generally affected the labor market. This is evident as the Clayton Act contributed to the granting of immunity to the labour unions from the trust laws, while the Norris-La Guardia Act outshined the yellow dogs contracts, which existed between the employees and employers. The Clayton and Norris-La- Guardia law states that, one union co uld represent majority of workers in an industry, without fear of violating neither the anti-trust laws nor antitrust persecution. In addition, the exemption of labour union from the antitrust laws contributed to the stiff competition between already existing labour unions and the interlopers. When different unions represented employees from different industries, competition would be evident among the unions. NLRA characteristics involved union representation, union security, and the creation of job property rights for the employees involved in strikes. Such characteristics hindered the discovery of other forms of labor-management relations, which would have assisted the unionized industries in adapting to the changing market conditions.Advertising Looking for research paper on transportation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The presence of a bargaining agent hinders competition among unions in the same firm or between union and non-unions, since individual employees are incapable of representing themselves. A certified bargaining agent has a monopoly power granted by the government that allows innovations aimed at benefiting both the employers and the employees (Baird, 1987, p.941). It is however clear that the compulsory bargaining power in the NLRA Act should be disregarded. According to Hogler R, (2006 p101), in the fifty’s the united states union membership was a third of the non- agricultural workforce, however by 2004 the membership had dropped to 12.5%. However with the presence of NLRA act, workers found a means of equalizing power through collective bargaining, as a means of national uniformity. The employee representation plans were given attention in 1870’s due to their advantageous factors that included the reduction of labor conflict, (Hogler, 2006 p110). The transit manageme nt and transit unions recognized the need of working together in order to achieve a common interest, hence maximizing on collective bargaining. The amalgamated transit union (ATU) was to fight for the rights of workers. This union led to the formation of urban mass transportation act (UMTA) which preserved the union’s rights, (Oestreich Whailey, 2001 p8). Today, both the management and the unions in the transit industry play a vital role in ensuring that the industry remains competitive, through initiating of a collective bargaining agreement. Therefore a clear indication of the importance of unions and management co-operation in relation to employees and the industry welfare. Conclusion Due to the continued decline, there is need for a union labor force that is self-perpetuating in our current economic state, the need for a legal and institutional review is important in the determination of whether the current labour laws are supportive of the public welfare needs and remai n competitive in a new global economy. There is an arising need to amend labor laws that act as a threat to labor and management collaboration. Concentration should be based on a new form of labor laws, which will ensure the existence and development on fresh unionism, which does not pose as a threat, but as an advantage to both employees and the employers. The need for labor laws that are beneficial to employees in term of enhancing their lives is necessary. In addition, any newly formed Labor laws should be able to merge well with the labor management relations. References Baird, C. (1987). Cooperation: two incompatible views. Cato Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3. Cato Institute publishers. Web. Getman, J. (2003). The national labor relations act. What went wrong; can we fix it?  Web. Hogler, R. (2006). The historical misconception of right to work laws in the united states; senator Robert Wagner, legal policy and the decline of American unions.  Web. Oestreich, H. and Whaley, G. (2001 ). Transit labor relations guide. MTI publishers. Web. Shills, E. (1971). Union fragmentation: a major cause of transportation labor crises. 25 Indus. Lab. Rel. Rev. 32 (1971-1972). Web. Wachter, M (2007). Labor unions: a corporatist institution in a competitive world.  Web. This research paper on Transportation Labor Unions was written and submitted by user Jul1us to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biography of John F. Kennedy, 35th U.S. President

Biography of John F. Kennedy, 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917–Nov. 22, 1963), the first U.S. president born in the 20th century, was born to a wealthy, politically connected family. Elected as the 35th president in 1960, he took office on Jan. 20, 1961, but his life and legacy were cut short when he was assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963, in Dallas.  Though he served as president for less than three years, his brief term coincided with the height of the Cold War, and his tenure was marked by some of the biggest crises and challenges of the 20th century. Fast Facts: John F. Kennedy Known For: First U.S. president born in the 20th century, known for the fiasco of The Bay of Pigs early in his term, his highly praised response to the Cuban Missile Crisis, as well as his assassination on Nov. 22, 1963.Also Known As: JFKBorn: May 29, 1917 in Brookline, MassachusettsParents: Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., Rose FitzgeraldDied: Nov. 22, 1963 in Dallas,  TexasEducation: Harvard University  (BA, 1940), Stanford University Graduate School of Business (1940–1941)Published Works: Profiles in CourageAwards and Honors: Navy and Marine Corps Medal, Purple Heart, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, Pulitzer Prize for Biography (1957)Spouse: Jacqueline L.  Bouvier (m. Sept. 12, 1953–Nov. 22, 1963)Children: Caroline,  John F. Kennedy, Jr.Notable Quote: Those who make peaceful revolution impossible make violent revolution inevitable. Early Life Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was sickly as a child and continued to have health problems for the rest of his life. He attended private schools  including Choate and Harvard (1936–1940), where he majored in political science. An active and accomplished undergraduate, Kennedy graduated cum laude. Kennedys father was the indomitable Joseph Kennedy. Among other ventures, he was the head of the SEC and the ambassador to Great Britain. His mother was a Boston socialite named Rose  Fitzgerald. He had nine siblings including  Robert Kennedy, who he appointed as the U.S. attorney general. Robert Kennedy was assassinated in 1968. In addition, his brother Edward Kennedy was a senator from Massachusetts who served from 1962 until his death in 2009. Kennedy married Jacqueline Bouvier, a wealthy socialite and photographer, on Sept. 12, 1953. Together they had two children:  Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy, Jr. Another son, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, died on Aug. 9, 1963, two days after his birth. Military Career Kennedy was originally turned down by both the Army and Navy because of his back pain and other medical problems. He didn’t give up, and with the help of his father’s political contacts, he was accepted into the Navy in 1941. He made it through the Navy Officer Candidate School but then failed another physical. Determined not to spend his military career sitting behind a desk, he again called upon his fathers contacts. With their help, he managed to get into a new PT boat training program. After completing the program, Kennedy served in the Navy during World War II and rose to the rank of lieutenant. He was given command of PT-109. When the boat was rammed by a Japanese destroyer, he and his crew were thrown into the water. He was able to swim four hours to save himself and a fellow crewman, but he aggravated his back in the process. He received the Purple Heart and the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his military service and was hailed for his heroism. House of Representatives Kennedy worked for a time as a journalist before running for the House of Representatives. Now considered a Navy war hero, Kennedy was elected to the House in November 1946. This class also included another former Navy man whose career arc would eventually intersect with Kennedy’s- Richard M. Nixon. Kennedy served three terms in the House- he was reelected in 1948 and 1950- where he gained a reputation as a somewhat conservative Democrat. He did show himself to be an independent thinker, not always following the party line, such as in his opposition to the Taft-Hartley Act, an anti-union bill that passed both the House and Senate overwhelmingly during the 1947-1948 session. As a freshman member of the minority party in the House and not a member of any of the committees of jurisdiction, there was little else Kennedy could do other than speak against the bill, which he did. U.S. Senate Kennedy was later elected to the U.S. Senate- defeating Henry Cabot Lodge II, who would later become the Republican U.S. vice presidential candidate on the 1960 ticket alongside Nixon- where he served from 1953 to 1961. Again, he did not always vote with the Democratic majority. Kennedy had more impact in the Senate than in the House. For example, in late spring 1953, he gave three speeches on the Senate floor outlining his New England economic plan, which he said would be good for New England and the nation as a whole. In the speeches, Kennedy called for a diversified economic base for New England and the U.S., with job training and technical assistance for the workers and relief from harmful tax provisions for the firms. In other areas, Kennedy: Distinguished himself as a national figure in the debate and vote on building the St. Lawrence Seaway;Used his position on the Senate Labor Committee to push for an increase in the minimum wage and to protect union rights in an environment where Congress was trying to strip unions of any power to bargain effectively;Joined the Foreign Relations Committee in 1957, where he supported Algerian independence from France and sponsored an amendment that would provide aid to Russian satellite nations;Introduced an amendment to the National Defense Education Act to eliminate the requirement that aid recipients sign a loyalty oath. During his time in the Senate, Kennedy also authored Profiles in Courage, which won a Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1957, although there was some question about its true authorship. Election of 1960 In 1960, Kennedy was nominated to run for the presidency against Nixon, who was by then Dwight D. Eisenhowers vice  president. During Kennedys nominating speech, he set forward his ideas of a New Frontier. Nixon made the mistake of meeting Kennedy in debates- the first televised presidential debates in U.S. history- during which Kennedy came off as young and vital. During the campaign, both candidates worked to win support from the growing suburban population. Kennedy sought to pull together key elements of Franklin D. Roosevelts coalition of the 1930s- urban minorities, ethnic voting blocs, and organized labor- win back conservative Catholics who had deserted the Democrats to vote for Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956, and hold his own in the south. Nixon emphasized the record of the Eisenhower years and promised to keep the federal government from dominating the free market economy and the lives of Americans. At the time, some sectors expressed concern that a Catholic president, which Kennedy would be, would be beholden to the Pope in Rome. Kennedy confronted the issue in a speech before the Greater-Houston Ministerial Association, in which he said: I believe in an America where the separation of church and state is absolute; where no Catholic prelate would tell the President- should he be Catholic- how to act, and no Protestant minister would tell his parishioners for whom to vote. The anti-catholic feeling remained strong among some sectors of the populace, but Kennedy won by the smallest margin of popular votes since 1888, 118,574 votes. However, he received 303 electoral votes. Events and Accomplishments Domestic policy: Kennedy had a tough time getting many of his domestic programs through Congress. However, he did get an increased minimum wage, better Social Security benefits, and an urban renewal package passed. He created the Peace Corps, and his goal to get to the moon by the end of the 1960s found overwhelming support. On the Civil Rights front, Kennedy initially did not challenge Southern Democrats. Martin Luther King, Jr. believed that only by breaking unjust laws and accepting the consequences could African-Americans show the true nature of their treatment. The press reported daily on the atrocities occurring due to nonviolent protest and civil disobedience. Kennedy used executive orders and personal appeals to aid the movement. His legislative programs, however, would not pass until after his death. Foreign affairs: Kennedys foreign policy began in failure with the Bay of Pigs debacle of 1961. A small force of Cuban exiles was to lead a revolt in Cuba but was captured instead. Americas reputation was seriously harmed. Kennedys confrontation with Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev in June 1961 led to the construction of the Berlin Wall. Further, Khrushchev began building nuclear missile bases in Cuba. Kennedy ordered a quarantine of Cuba in response. He warned that any attack from Cuba would be seen as an act of war by the USSR. This standoff led to the dismantling of the missile silos in exchange for promises that the U.S. would not invade Cuba. Kennedy also agreed to a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963 with Great Britain and the USSR. Two other important events during his term were the Alliance for Progress (the U.S. provided aid to Latin America) and the problems in Southeast Asia. North Vietnam was sending troops through Laos to fight in South Vietnam. The Souths leader, Ngo Dinh Diem, was ineffective. America increased its military advisers from 2,000 to 16,000 during this time. Diem was overthrown but new leadership was no better. When Kennedy was killed, Vietnam was approaching a boiling point. Assassination Kennedys three years in office were somewhat turbulent, but by 1963 he was still popular and thinking about running for a second term. Kennedy and his advisers felt that Texas was a state that could provide crucial electoral votes, and they made plans for Kennedy and Jackie to visit the state, with stops planned for San Antonio, Houston, Fort Worth, Dallas, and Austin. On Nov. 22, 1963, after addressing the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce, Kennedy and the first lady boarded a plane for a brief flight to Dallas, arriving just before noon accompanied by about 30 members of the Secret Service. They were met by a 1961 Lincoln Continental convertible limousine  that would take them on a 10-mile parade route within the city of Dallas, ending at the Trade Mart, where Kennedy was scheduled to deliver a luncheon address. He never made it. Thousands lined the streets, but just before 12:30 p.m., the presidential motorcade turned right from Main Street onto Houston Street and entered Dealey Plaza. After passing the Texas School Book Depository, at the corner of Houston and Elm, shots suddenly rang out. One shot hit Kennedy’s throat, and as he reached up with both hands toward the injury, another shot struck his head, mortally wounding him. Kennedys apparent assassin,  Lee Harvey Oswald, was killed by Jack Ruby before standing trial. The Warren Commission was called to investigate Kennedys death and found that Oswald had acted alone to kill Kennedy. Many argued, however, that there was more than one gunman, a theory upheld by a 1979 House Committee investigation. The FBI and a 1982 study disagreed. Speculation continues to this day. Legacy Kennedy was important more for his iconic reputation than his legislative actions. His many inspiring speeches are often quoted. His youthful vigor and fashionable first lady was hailed as American royalty; his time in office was termed Camelot. His assassination has taken on a mythic quality, leading many to posit about possible conspiracies involving everyone from  Lyndon Johnson  to the Mafia. His moral leadership of Civil Rights was an important part of the movements eventual success. Sources â€Å"Campaign of 1960.†Ã‚  JFK Library.â€Å"Details You Didnt Know About the Death of JFKs Son, Patrick..†Ã‚  IrishCentral.com, 4 Nov. 2018.â€Å"John F. Kennedy.†Ã‚  Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 14 Jan. 2019.â€Å"John F. Kennedy.†Ã‚  The White House, The United States Government.â€Å"JFKs Assassination Aided by His Bad Back, Records Show.†Ã‚  fox8.Com, 22 Nov. 2017.â€Å"JFK in Congress.†Ã‚  National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration.â€Å"John F. Kennedy: Life Before the Presidency.†Ã‚  Miller Center, 22 Apr. 2018.

What is an Epigraph An Authors Guide

What is an Epigraph An Authors Guide What is an Epigraph? An epigraph is a quote, paragraph, or short excerpt typically found at the beginning of a book. It usually serves as a preface or introduction to your story before any character makes an appearance or the action begins. Most often, they are quotes from writers or other influential people, but this is not always the case.The rules surrounding the use of epigraphs are pretty flexible. We’ll dive deep into them later in this post - but first, let’s take a look at why you might want to consider using epigraphs in the first place.Why use an epigraph?An epigraph probably won’t make or break your book. However, it can serve as a way to introduce readers to your story - or at least to elements of it - before they get into the meat of the matter. When the correct quote is chosen, it can be the crumb that makes them want to eat the whole cake.Although the epigraph is an optional feature in the front matter of a book, it can serve many different purposes within the story . Here are four. Does your book need an epigraph? See 4 ways they can help your story 1) Set the themeThe theme is the central idea the story conveys and the epigraph can help kick it off it in a very concise manner.Let’s take a look at one of the three epigraphs from Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale.And when Rachel saw that she bare Jacob no children, Rachel envied her sister; and said unto Jacob, Give me children, or else I die. And Jacob’s anger was kindled against Rachel; and he said, Am I in God’s stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb? And she said, Behold my maid Bilhah, go in unto her and she shall bear upon my knees, that I may also have children by her. Genesis 30:1-3 This particular quote from the Bible deals directly with the issue of children, fertility, and the idea of bringing someone outside the marriage to produce children: all points of great importance in the novel.2) Set the moodIn just a few words, an epigraph can show readers whether they can expect an exciting, happy, or sad story. Take this example from The Night Circus:A dreamer is one who can only find his way by moonlight, and his punishment is that he sees the dawn before the rest of the world. Oscar Wilde, 1888 What are some of your favorite epigraphs? Let us know in the comments below!

Operations Research Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operations Research - Case Study Example These components may be: How the company provides service Attitude or behavior of the dealers of the company Does the company meet the deadline of the orders Packing of the supplied items, etc. These factors play vital role in the business of any company. If a company simply considers these components and focus to improve these areas, reputation and goodwill of the company will take a breakthrough obviously. COMPETETIVE FACTORS OF TOYOTA: Toyota is a company manufacturing four wheel vehicles. There can be many key components affecting the performance and progress of Toyota's name. These components include the following: 1. Genuine parts 2. chemicals 3. Toyota Genuine Motor Oil These three components can further be described as following: 1. Break pad kits 2. Oil filters 3. Air cleaner 4. Arm and Bracket 5. Fuel Pump 6. Fuel Filter 7. Spark Plug 8. Genuine Gear Oil 9. Automatic Transmission Fuel 10. Genuine Break Fluid 11. Long Life Oolent 12. Suspension Fluid 13. Different Motor Oils These are the components are the basic components that affect the performance of the vehicles manufactured by Toyota. These 13 parts can be different for different types of vehicles. It is Toyota's Operations strategy how it deals with the miniaturization and production of these all components. Toyota has its competitors such as Suzuki who provides vehicles on comparatively low prices. Now Toyota requires a strong Supply chain to sustain its market. The aim of Toyota is to provide quality products. The company can use different techniques to differentiate its services as better through applying different strategies such as JIT (Just in time) and Supply-Chain Management. COMPETETIVE ELEMENTS OF Ikea: Ikea is a service providing company. It provides home based...If the organization is a manufacturer company, the competitive factors must be the products' components or parts used in manufacturing or preparation of the item/product. Whereas the competitive factors of a service providing company are clearly the elements included in their service. These components may be: These factors play vital role in the business of any company. If a company simply considers these components and focus to improve these areas, reputation and goodwill of the company will take a breakthrough obviously. These are the components are the basic components that affect the performance of the vehicles manufactured by Toyota. These 13 parts can be different for different types of vehicles. It is Toyota's Operations strategy how it deals with the miniaturization and production of these all components. Toyota has its competitors such as Suzuki who provides vehicles on comparatively low prices. Now Toyota requires a strong Supply chain to sustain its market. The aim of Toyota is to provide quality products. There can be many fundamental or key components of Ikea that are most important to be given special focus and attention. The aim and objective of Ikea is to provide their services all over the world. These components might be: "We've had an overriding philosophy in place that we want to produce our vehicles w

BANCO CALL CENTRE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BANCO CALL CENTRE - Essay Example The issues included that of the procedures of recruitment and the pays offered. It also included the timing of the job and had learning and resourcing problems along with employee relations. The Banco Call Center struggled from the very first day. The bank actually had transferred many of the banking executives to the call center operation which at all did not suite the purpose of the call center. The centralised human resource policies were missing which ultimately led to high attrition rate at the center at approximately around 35%. The rate was quite normal in respect to the call centers but for a Banco unit it was exceedingly high. Also, the management did not have fair experience in handling the call center operations. The banking executives could not understand and meet the requirements of the call centre executives and operators. In organisations like that of the call center which involves high degree of human value as the executives have to answer the calls personally, centralised human resource policies would have worked well. The centralised policies would have treated all the employees at par and also could have taken the requisite measure to keep the work force motivated and charged up. Also, in order to yield better results the bank could have hired experts to handle the call center operations as the organisation suffered from the inadequate experience. The centralised human resource policies also should have developed an all round policy that would have taken care of all the important factors like recruitment, reward management and also the training and development (Scullion & Collins, 2006). Employee resourcing has been a major issue in the present day organisation. With the increasing competition in the industry, the companies try and attract the best of the talents that are available in the industry. It is observed that in case of the

Childhood and Adolescent Depression and the Risks of Suicide Essay Example for Free

Childhood and Adolescent Depression and the Risks of Suicide Essay Introduction Problem and its Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most common reasons for referral of children and adolescents to mental health professionals is suspected depression. There are continues debate as to whether childhood and adolescent depression are a reflection of normal variation in mood. It is reasonable for the primary care physician to view childhood depression as a constellation of factors that forms a syndrome. This constellation consists of a persistent mood disorder and dysfunctional behavior that intrudes and distorts the child’s day-to-day activities (Gottlieb Williams, 1991 p. 1). A firm denial gave way into a general and strong conviction about significance of depressive syndromes in childhood and adolescents, and of the implications throughout the life course. The realization of the problem occurrence made it possible for the therapeutic interventions and prevention programs to be developed and set up for depressive children, and to have these programs sponsored and evaluated on a scientific perspective. Various factors have facilitated the progression of this study concerning the recognition of childhood depression. Society is approached with enormous cost of untreated childhood depression later on in life (Corveleyn etal, 2005 p.165).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of a depressive syndrome that is distinct from the broad class of childhood onset emotional disorders has been linked to incidence of suicidal rates worldwide. The condition of such incidence is becoming evidently alarming as the number of suicidal rate continue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The treatment of such depressive states range from pharmacologic drugs up to psychological modifications and therapies, such as behavioral, peer and group focused groups, etc. With the serious nature of childhood / adolescent depression, it is crucial that treatments with known efficacy and more than transitory effects be provided promptly and skillfully (Maj Sartorius, 2002 p.292). Scope and Limitations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The treatment procedures and the condition of health care management for the case of childhood and adolescent depression are the primary subjects of the study. The concept on treatment procedure involves the pharmacologic, medical and psychological interventions that are absolutely necessary in the health care management of such condition. The study shall cover the discussion of depressive condition of the childhood and adolescent age group. Diagnostic procedures and issues shall be tackled in this research in order to portray possible conflicts and difficulties that occur in diagnosing the condition. The neurobiology of the depressive state shall be elaborated utilizing psychophysiology of the disorder, and linked to probable external physiological occurrences. Lastly, since the study focuses on therapy and medication as treatment modalities, the following methods and means of treatment shall be involved in the study. The following shall be the objectives of the over-all study. To be able to define, discuss and elaborate the conditions involved in the occurrence of depression in adolescent and childhood stages To be able to provide and tackle the treatment procedure as the center scope of study, accompanied by the issues, physiology and specific drugs involved in depression health care management. Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cases of despondency and depression in children and adolescents were reported as early as the seventeenth century. Prior to the 1970s, however, little attention was paid to depression in youth (Hersen Hasselt, 2001 p.243). The study on depression had been more inclined to adulthood depression and not on childhood and adolescence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depression among children and adolescents is relatively common, enduring, and recurrent disorder that has an adverse impact on a youngster’s psychosocial development and in some cases is associated with self-destructive and life-threatening behaviors. Depressive disorders during childhood and adolescence may be more virulent and of longer duration than depressive disorders in adults. Depressive disorders during childhood are a risk factor for the development of additional psychological disturbances and for the development of depressive disorders later in life. The number of youths who are experiencing depressive disorders is increasing at the same time that the age of onset is decreasing (Mash Barkley, 2006 p.336).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depression can be conceptualized both as a dimension and as a category. Epidemiological studies suggest that juvenile depression is a continuum that is associated with problems at most levels of severity. According to Oregon Adolescent Depression Project, the level of psychosocial impairment increased as a direct function of the number of depressive symptoms. Moreover, in line with studies of adults, much of the morbidity associated with depression occurred in the â€Å"milder† but more numerous cases of minor depression. Such results suggest that even mild forms of adolescent depression are a risk factor for depression in early adulthood (Rutter Taylor, 2002 p.463).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In recent years, increased attention has been given to evidence-based psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for depressed youth. The need to highlight what we know about treatment is underscored by the fact that most depressed youth do not receive treatment. However, as knowledge about treatments for youth depression has increased, the rate of treatment appears to have developed. Although depression among youth is treated more often, it is not clear that standard practice is effective at alleviating depressive symptoms or preventing recurrence. Moreover, there is a bias toward the utilization of pharmacologic drugs and extremely brief psychosocial interventions (Gotlib Hammen, 2002 p.441). Diagnostic Issues involved in Depression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision groups mood disorders into two categories: depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. Both types of disorders are characterized by depressive episodes. For a diagnosis of depressive disorder, the child must be experiencing a mood disturbance for a period of at least 2 weeks, and the symptoms must be present more often than not. At least four of the following symptoms must be present during the same period (Mash Barkley, 2006 p.337): Significant, unintentional weight gain or loss Insomnia or hypersomnia Psychomotor retardation or agitation fatigue or loss or energy feelings of worthlessness or extreme guilt Diminished concentration pr ability to make decisions Recurring thoughts of death, suicidality, or suicide attempts In depressed preadolescents and adolescents, a lack of perceived personal competence was associated with depression; however, in adolescents, the more abstract concept of contingencies is also related to depression (Mash Barkley, 2006 p.338). Confusion sometimes arises in the childhood depression field, as it does with adult depression, because of different usages of the term â€Å"depression† and associated differences in methods of assessment. Moreover, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which is the primary reference of psychiatric diagnosis, frequently changes. One example is in studies of childhood and adolescent depression, the term is variously used to identify depressed mood, a constellation of mood and other symptoms forming a syndrome, or a set of symptoms meeting official diagnostic criteria for depressive disorder. The usage of such term connotes various meaning, such as depression as a symptoms (lonely, fear impulses, guilt, etc.) and depression as a syndrome (comprises clusters of various signs and symptoms) (Mash Barkley, 2003 p.336). Neurobiology of Childhood Adolescent Depression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Biologic studies in children are difficult to implement since they often require several blood draws, subjects remaining still more long periods of time, and the overall cooperation of the children and adolescents. Three types of investigation have provided information on possible developmental differences in the neurobiology of depression. The first is the study of Cortisol secretion, measured by investigations such as the dexamethasone suppression test (Rapoport, 2000 p.230).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies of neurotransmitters in depressed adults have focused on norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. Serotonin regulation studied in adults with depression reported that in response to L-5hyroxytrytophan in 37 pre-pubertal depressed children secreted less Cortisol and more prolactin than age-matched and gender-matched normal controls, suggesting a deregulation of central serotonergic systems in childhood depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abnormalities of the hypothalamic pituitary-thyroid axis and the hypothalamic pituitary-growth hormone axis have been reported in depression in adults. However, Cortisol hypersecretion, as measured by repeated samples over a 24-hour period or by nocturnal sampling, has not been identified in depressed children and adolescents although adolescent showed a Cortisol elevation at the approximate time of sleep onset (Coffey, 2006 p.266).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second type of developmentally informative investigation is the study of sleep. Polysomnographic studies of depressed children and adolescent have tended to demonstrate abnormalities of sleep, including shortened rapid eye movement (REM) latency and reduced slow wave sleep. These generally positive results of polysomnographic studies with children have shown few differences (Rapoport, 2000 p.231).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third type of developmentally informative investigation is the study of growth hormone. A variety of pharmacological challenge agents that stimulate release of growth hormone have been studied in depressed adolescents and children. Interestingly, the results with adolescents have been negative in terms of slow blunted growth hormone response to provocative stimuli. However, some studies have reported high levels of growth hormone in adolescents with major depression. Moreover, pubertal children both during depressive episode and after recovery have demonstrated blunted growth hormone response to provocative stimuli (Rapoport, 2000 p.231). Psychopharmacology: Antidepressants (SSRIs)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Special considerations arise in treating children and adolescents with antidepressants. Empirical data on antidepressants in young patients are quite limited. Psychiatrists, faced with depriving children of potentially effective medication or prescribing medication or prescribing medications â€Å"Off Label,† need information on which to base treatment decisions, and efforts are underway to promote research in this area. Clinically significant differences in pharmacokinetics and possibly pharmacodynamics between adults and younger patients can also complicate treatment. Moreover, younger patients may also be more sensitive to adverse effects of medications (Preskorn, 2004 p.356).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The antidepressant drugs are a heterogeneous group of compounds that, in adults, have bee found to be effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder. This particular pharmacologic intervention is also utilized in adolescent and children with major depression; although, there have been no studies that validate the appropriateness of such medications. The following are considered as the major treatment of adolescent depression, specifically Tricyclic Antidepressants and (SSRI) Selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Rossenberg Ryan, 1998 p.28).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have long been the first-line antidepressants used by most clinicians for adults because of their established efficacy, safety, and ease of administration, but they have been less successful in the treatment of child and adolescent conditions. The mechanism by which TCAs are effective in the treatment of adult depression and other disorders has not been clearly established. There is, however, evidence that these agents affect monoamine neurotransmitter systems in the central; nervous system, such as serotonin and norepinephrine (Rossenberg Ryan, 1998 p.28-29). The TCAs inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, potentiating their action. It has been suggested that antidepressants work by increasing noradrenergic and/or serotonergic transmission, compensating for a presumed deficiency. Controlled studies failed to demonstrate that TCAs are superior to placebo in the treatment of childhood and adolescent depression (Rossenberg Ryan, 1998 p.28-29).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since serotonin is also implicated in the etiology and maintenance of affective disorders, particularly depression; hence, the use selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) is possible. SSRIs prevent the re-uptake of serotonin, which poses significant therapeutic value although has been shown to be less effective in therapeutic trials in children (Mash Barkley, 2006 p.384). The SSRIs are now first-line agents for treating child and adolescent depression. The newer antidepressants, such as bupropion and mirtazapine, do not have an adequate empirical base with children; however, they are sometimes used as second-line treatments for those youths who do not respond to SSRIs. Thus far, none of the SSRIs has produced irreversible damage in children and adolescents. However, as the SSRIs gained wide use with depressed adolescents, concerns emerged about the safety of this class of medications. Reports suggested that they were responsible for increased suicidal ideation and behavior among youths (Mash Barkley, 2006 p.384). In 2003, the British Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency   (MHRA) concluded that most of the SSRIs do not show benefits exceeding their risks of suicidal ideation, and thus should not be prescribed in the child and adolescent population (Mash Barkley, 2006 p.384).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the adolescent fails to respond to any SSRI, then switching to a different class of antidepressant is recommended. At present, no data support the use of one agent over another. Therefore, whether the clinician chooses a TCA, nefazodone, or venlafaxine should be based on clinical experience. Other factors to consider for a given adolescent are medication side effects, medical conditions, previous medication trials, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and familial history of a positive response to particular antidepressants (Esman, 1999 p.222). Other classes of antidepressants are fluoxetine, setraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, bupropion, trazodone, and nefazadone. As major depression has a high recurrence rate, it is recommended that pharmacologic treatment continue for a minimum of six months achieving resolution of symptoms. Medication discontinuation should be accomplished gradually, with a slow, stepwise reduction in dosage over a two- or three-month period. The health care providers should carefully monitor the adolescent for withdrawal syndromes and reemergence of depressive symptoms (Esman, 1999 p.222). Relationship to Suicide Rates   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Suicidal thoughts and attempts are among the diagnostic criteria for major depression. Suicidal ideation is quite common, and has been reported in more than 60% of depressed preschoolers, preadolescents, and adolescents. Actual suicidal attempts also may occur, at rates that appear to be higher among depressed adolescents than among depressed adults (Mash Barkley, 2003 p.336).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies have shown consistently high rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders in depressed children and adolescents. The comorbidity rate in children and adolescents with depression has been reported to be 80% to 95%. The most common comorbid disorders in adolescents with depression are anxiety disorders, with rates ranging from 40% to 50%. Moreover, substance abuse frequently co-occurs with depression. Adolescents with major depression are at risk for impairment in school performance and interpersonal relationships, which may interfere with achievement of appropriate developmental tasks. Suicidal behavior is a common sequela. A 10-yar follow-up of depressed child and adolescent outpatients found that 4.4% committed suicide. Mood disorder, prior to suicide attempt, and substance abuse are major risk factors for adolescent suicide (Esman, 1999 p.216).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depressed and suicidal children and adolescents are often not identified. Identification of children and adolescents who express suicidal ideation or suicidal acts is crucial since such symptoms are recurrent and strong predictors of youth suicide. Other risk factors for youth suicide behavior have been described including family, other environmental and biological factors. Notably, family history of suicidal behavior increases risk for youth suicide (Rapoport, 2000 p.231). Reference Coffey, E. C. (2006). Pediatric Neuropsychiatry. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Corveleyn etal, J. (2005). The Theory and Treatment of Depression: Towards a Dynamic Interactionism Model. Routledge. Esman, A. H. (1999). Adolescent Psychiatry: Developmental and Clinical Studies. Routledge. Gotlib, I., Hammen, C. L. (2002). Handbook of Depression. Guilford Press. Gottlieb, M. I., Williams, J. (1991). Developmental-behavioral Disorders: Selected Topics. Springer. Hersen, M., Hasselt, V. B. (2001). Advanced Abnormal Psychology. Springer. Maj, M., Sartorius, N. (2002). Depressive Disorders. John Wiley and Sons. Mash, E. J., Barkley, R. A. (2006). Child Psychopathology. Guilford Press. Mash, E. J., Barkley, R. A. (2006). Treatment of Childhood Disorders. Guilford Press. Preskorn, S. (2004). Antidepressants: Past, Present, and Future. Springer. Rapoport, J. L. (2000). Childhood Onset of Adult Psychopathology: Clinical and Research Advances. American Psychiatric Pub., Inc. Rossenber, D., Ryan, N. (1998). Pocket Guide for the Textbook of Pharmacotherapy for Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders. Psychology Press. Rutter, M., Taylor, E. A. (2002). Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Blackwell Publishing.

Louis Tanner Of Destroying Angel And Rick Deckard Of Do Androids Dream :: essays research papers

Louis Tanner of Destroying Angel and Rick Deckard of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep: Importance to the Thematic Development of "moral men in immortal worlds" and Body Mind Invasion How would you feel if you found out you where making love to any android? Shocked I hope. In this essay l will discuss how Louis Tanner of Destroying Angel and Rick Deckard of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep are important to the thematic development of "moral men in immoral worlds" and body mind invasion. Is Tanner a moral man in an immoral world? What is considered moral or immoral? We know from reading Destroying Angel that Tanner is a good person. Tanner is the type of person whom we say would "do the right thing" in certain situations. He's honest and honorable. If Tanner makes a promise, he keeps it. He made an agreement with Rattan, where Rattan would be shipped to New Hong Kong illegally in return for the name of the chain killer. Rattan is a drug dealer with a lot of money to waste. He's also the only person with the information to catch the chain killer. To get justice the moral must cooperate with the immoral. We also know that Tanner is not a womanizer. He had his chance with Hannah but did not take advantage of the situation: "No Hannah"(136). Tanner had more worrisome thoughts than making love to a good friend. He wanted the murderer of all murderers, the chain killer. As a cop he never captured the chain killer. This person fused chains to people's bodies and then threw them into the water. For Tanner who was now a retired cop, it was as if a spark lit up in him. All the old memories fled back into his mind. The nightmare of his partner getting shot on a "drug bust gone"(13) wrong began to replay in his mind. He had a conscience; therefore, he could never forget what was done to his partner nor the victims of the chain killer. One of the many other themes found in this book was body mind invasion. When Tanner was still a cop, slugs worked at the police station whose job was to "solve almost any problem" (16). These people were constantly injected with reason enhancers to help them solve investigations. Now that Tanner was retired, the slugs working at the police station probably looked "Distended and distorted"(16) after all these years of taken drugs. Although they took the enhancers, they did not help in finding the chain killer. The only person that

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Charles Lamb From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Charles Lamb (disambiguation). Charles Lamb| | Born| 10 February 1775 Inner Temple, London, England| Died| 27 December 1834 (aged  59) Edmonton, London, England| Cause  of death| Erysipelas| Known  for| Essays of Elia Tales from Shakespeare| Relatives| Mary Lamb (sister), John Lamb (brother)| Charles Lamb (10 February 1775 – 27 December 1834) was an English essayist, best known for his Essays of Elia and for the children's book Tales from Shakespeare, which he produced with his sister, Mary Lamb (1764–1847).Lamb has been referred to by E. V. Lucas, his principal biographer, as â€Å"the most lovable figure in English literature†. [1] Contents * 1 Youth and schooling * 2 Family tragedy * 3 Work * 4 Legacy * 5 Quotations * 6 Selected works * 7 Biographical references * 8 References * 9 External links| Youth and schooling Portrait plaque of Lamb sculpted by Georg e Frampton Lamb was born in London, the son of Elizabeth Field and John Lamb.Lamb was the youngest child, with an 11 year older sister Mary, an even older brother John, and 4 other siblings who did not survive their infancy. John Lamb (father), who was a lawyer's clerk, spent most of his professional life as the assistant and servant to a barrister by the name of Samuel Salt who lived in the Inner Temple in London. It was there in the Inner Temple in Crown Office Row that Charles Lamb was born and spent his youth. Lamb created a portrait of his father in his â€Å"Elia on the Old Benchers† under the name Lovel.Lamb's older brother was too much his senior to be a youthful companion to the boy but his sister Mary, being born eleven years before him, was probably his closest playmate. Lamb was also cared for by his paternal aunt Hetty, who seems to have had a particular fondness for him. A number of writings by both Charles and Mary suggest that the conflict between Aunt Hetty a nd her sister-in-law created a certain degree of tension in the Lamb household. However, Charles speaks fondly of her and her presence in the house seems to have brought a great deal of comfort to him.Some of Lamb's fondest childhood memories were of time spent with Mrs. Field, his maternal grandmother, who was for many years a servant to the Plummer family, who owned a large country house called Blakesware, near Widford, Hertfordshire. After the death of Mrs. Plummer, Lamb's grandmother was in sole charge of the large home and, as Mr. Plummer was often absent, Charles had free rein of the place during his visits. A picture of these visits can be glimpsed in the Elia essay Blakesmoor in H—shire. â€Å"Why, every plank and panel of that house for me had magic in it.The tapestried bed-rooms – tapestry so much better than painting – not adorning merely, but peopling the wainscots – at which childhood ever and anon would steal a look, shifting its coverlid ( replaced as quickly) to exercise its tender courage in a momentary eye-encounter with those stern bright visages, staring reciprocally – all Ovid on the walls, in colours vivider than his descriptions. â€Å"[2] Little is known about Charles's life before the age of seven. We know that Mary taught him to read at a very early age and he read voraciously.It is believed that he suffered from smallpox during his early years which forced him into a long period of convalescence. After this period of recovery Lamb began to take lessons from Mrs. Reynolds, a woman who lived in the Temple and is believed to have been the former wife of a lawyer. Mrs. Reynolds must have been a sympathetic schoolmistress because Lamb maintained a relationship with her throughout his life and she is known to have attended dinner parties held by Mary and Charles in the 1820s. E. V. Lucas suggests that sometime in 1781 Charles left Mrs.Reynolds and began to study at the Academy of William Bird. [3] His ti me with William Bird did not last long, however, because by October 1782 Lamb was enrolled in Christ's Hospital, a charity boarding school chartered by King Edward VI in 1552. Christ's Hospital was a traditional English boarding school; bleak and full of violence. The headmaster, Mr. Boyer, has become famous for his teaching in Latin and Greek, but also for his brutality. A thorough record of Christ's Hospital in Several essays by Lamb as well as the Autobiography ofLeigh Hunt and the Biographia Literaria of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, with whom Charles developed a friendship that would last for their entire lives. Despite the brutality Lamb got along well at Christ's Hospital, due in part, perhaps, to the fact that his home was not far distant thus enabling him, unlike many other boys, to return often to the safety of home. Years later, in his essay â€Å"Christ’s Hospital Five and Thirty Years Ago,† Lamb described these events, speaking of himself in the third person as â€Å"L. † â€Å"| â€Å"I remember L. t school; and can well recollect that he had some peculiar advantages, which I and other of his schoolfellows had not. His friends lived in town, and were near at hand; and he had the privilege of going to see them, almost as often as he wished, through some invidious distinction, which was denied to us. †[4]| †| Portrait of Charles Lamb by William Hazlitt, 1804 Christ's Hospital was a typical English boarding school and many students later wrote of the terrible violence they suffered there. The upper master of the school from 1778 to 1799 was Reverend James Boyer, a man renowned for his unpredictable and capricious temper.In one famous story Boyer was said to have knocked one of Leigh Hunt's teeth out by throwing a copy of Homer at him from across the room. Lamb seemed to have escaped much of this brutality, in part because of his amiable personality and in part because Samuel Salt, his father's employer and Lamb's sponso r at the school was one of the institute's Governors. Charles Lamb suffered from a stutter and this â€Å"an inconquerable impediment† in his speech deprived him of Grecian status at Christ's Hospital and thus disqualifying him for a clerical career.While Coleridge and other scholarly boys were able to go on to Cambridge, Lamb left school at fourteen and was forced to find a more prosaic career. For a short time he worked in the office of Joseph Paice, a London merchant and then, for 23 weeks, until 8 February 1792, held a small post in the Examiner's Office of the South Sea House. Its subsequent downfall in a pyramid scheme after Lamb left would be contrasted to the company's prosperity in the first Elia essay. On 5 April 1792 he went to work in the Accountant's Office for British East India Company, the death of his father's employer having ruined the family's fortunes.Charles would continue to work there for 25 years, until his retirement with pension. In 1792 while tendin g to his grandmother, Mary Field, in Hertfordshire, Charles Lamb fell in love with a young woman named Ann Simmons. Although no epistolary record exists of the relationship between the two, Lamb seems to have spent years wooing Miss Simmons. The record of the love exists in several accounts of Lamb's writing. Rosamund Gray is a story of a young man named Allen Clare who loves Rosamund Gray but their relationship comes to nothing because of the sudden death of Miss Gray.Miss Simmons also appears in several Elia essays under the name â€Å"Alice M. † The essays â€Å"Dream Children,† â€Å"New Year's Eve,† and several others, speak of the many years that Lamb spent pursuing his love that ultimately failed. Miss Simmons eventually went on to marry a silversmith by the name of Bartram and Lamb called the failure of the affair his ‘great disappointment. ‘ Family tragedy Charles and his sister Mary both suffered periods of mental illness. Charles spent six weeks in a psychiatric hospital during 1795. He was, however, already making his name as a poet.On 22 September 1796, a terrible event occurred: Mary, â€Å"worn down to a state of extreme nervous misery by attention to needlework by day and to her mother at night,† was seized with acute mania and stabbed her mother to the heart with a table knife. Although there was no legal status of ‘insanity' at the time, a jury returned a verdict of ‘Lunacy' and therefore freed her from guilt of willful murder. With the help of friends Lamb succeeded in obtaining his sister's release from what would otherwise have been lifelong imprisonment, on the condition that he take personal responsibility for her safekeeping.Lamb used a large part of his relatively meagre income to keep his beloved sister in a private ‘madhouse' in Islington called Fisher House. The 1799 death of John Lamb was something of a relief to Charles because his father had been mentally incapacitated for a number of years since suffering a stroke. The death of his father also meant that Mary could come to live again with him in Pentonville, and in 1800 they set up a shared home at Mitre Court Buildings in the Temple, where they lived until 1809. Monument to Charles Lamb at Watch House on Giltspur Street, London.Despite Lamb's bouts of melancholia and alcoholism, both he and his sister enjoyed an active and rich social life. Their London quarters became a kind of weekly salon for many of the most outstanding theatrical and literary figures of the day. Charles Lamb, having been to school with Samuel Coleridge, counted Coleridge as perhaps his closest, and certainly his oldest, friend. On his deathbed, Coleridge had a mourning ring sent to Lamb and his sister. Fortuitously, Lamb's first publication was in 1796, when four sonnets by â€Å"Mr. Charles Lamb of the India House† appeared in Coleridge's Poems on Various Subjects.In 1797 he contributed additional blank verse to the se cond edition, and met the Wordsworths, William and Dorothy, on his short summer holiday with Coleridge at Nether Stowey, thereby also striking up a lifelong friendship with William. In London, Lamb became familiar with a group of young writers who favoured political reform, including Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Hazlitt, and Leigh Hunt. Lamb continued to clerk for the East India Company and doubled as a writer in various genres, his tragedy, John Woodvil, being published in 1802. His farce, Mr H, was performed at Drury Lane in 1807, where it was roundly booed.In the same year, Tales from Shakespeare (Charles handled the tragedies; his sister Mary, the comedies) was published, and became a best seller for William Godwin's â€Å"Children's Library. † In 1819, at age 44, Lamb, who, because of family commitments, had never married, fell in love with an actress, Fanny Kelly, of Covent Garden, and proposed marriage. She refused him, and he died a bachelor. His collected essays, un der the title Essays of Elia, were published in 1823 (â€Å"Elia† being the pen name Lamb used as a contributor to the London Magazine).A further collection was published ten years or so later, shortly before Lamb's death. He died of a streptococcal infection, erysipelas, contracted from a minor graze on his face sustained after slipping in the street, on 27 December 1834, just a few months after Coleridge. He was 59. From 1833 till their deaths Charles and Mary lived at Bay Cottage, Church Street, Edmonton north of London (now part of the London Borough of Enfield. [5] Lamb is buried in All Saints' Churchyard, Edmonton. His sister, who was ten years his senior, survived him for more than a dozen years.She is buried beside him. Work Lamb's first publication was the inclusion of four sonnets in the Coleridge's Poems on Various Subjects published in 1796 by Joseph Cottle. The sonnets were significantly influenced by the poems of Burns and the sonnets of William Bowles, a largel y forgotten poet of the late 18th century. His poems garnered little attention and are seldom read today. Lamb's contributions to the second edition of the Poems showed significant growth as a poet. These poems included The Tomb of Douglas and A Vision of Repentance.Because of a temporary fall-out with Coleridge, Lamb's poems were to be excluded in the third edition of the Poems. As it turned out, a third edition never emerged. Instead, Coleridge's next publication was the monumentally influential Lyrical Ballads co-published with Wordsworth. Lamb, on the other hand, published a book entitled Blank Verse with Charles Lloyd, the mentally unstable son of the founder of Lloyd's Bank. Lamb's most famous poem was written at this time entitled The Old Familiar Faces. Like most of Lamb's poems it is particularly sentimental but it is still remembered and widely read, often included in Poetic Collections.Of particular interest to Lambarians is the opening verse of the original version of Th e Old Familiar Faces which is concerned with Lamb's mother. It was a verse that Lamb chose to remove from the edition of his Collected Work published in 1818. I had a mother, but she died, and left me, Died prematurely in a day of horrors – All, all are gone, the old familiar faces. From a fairly young age Lamb desired to be a poet but never gained the success that he had hoped. Lamb lived under the poetic shadow of his friend Coleridge.In the final years of the 18th century Lamb began to work on prose with the novella entitled Rosamund Gray, a story of a young girl who was thought to be inspired by Ann Simmonds, with whom Charles Lamb was thought to be in love. Although the story is not particularly successful as a narrative because of Lamb's poor sense of plot, it was well thought of by Lamb's contemporaries and led Shelley to observe â€Å"what a lovely thing is Rosamund Gray! How much knowledge of the sweetest part of our nature in it! † (Quoted in Barnett, page 50 ) Charles and Mary Lamb's grave Lamb's cottage, Edmonton, LondonIn the first years of the 19th century Lamb began his fruitful literary cooperation with his sister Mary. Together they wrote at least three books for William Godwin’s Juvenile Library. The most successful of these was of course Tales From Shakespeare which ran through two editions for Godwin and has now been published dozens of times in countless editions, many of them illustrated. Lamb also contributed a footnote to Shakespearean studies at this time with his essay â€Å"On the Tragedies of Shakespeare,† in which he argues that Shakespeare should be read rather than performed in order to gain the proper effect of his dramatic genius.Beside contributing to Shakespeare studies with his book Tales From Shakespeare, Lamb also contributed to the popularization of Shakespeare's contemporaries with his book Specimens of the English Dramatic Poets Who Lived About the Time of Shakespeare. Although he did not writ e his first Elia essay until 1820, Lamb’s gradual perfection of the essay form for which he eventually became famous began as early 1802 in a series of open letters to Leigh Hunt’s Reflector. The most famous of these is called â€Å"The Londoner† in which Lamb famously derides the contemporary fascination with nature and the countryside. LegacyAnne Fadiman notes regretfully that Lamb is not widely read in modern times: â€Å"I do not understand why so few other readers are clamoring for his company†¦ [he] is kept alive largely through the tenuous resuscitations of university English departments. â€Å"[6] Lamb was honoured by The Latymer School, a grammar school in Edmonton, a suburb of London where he lived for a time; it has six houses, one of which, â€Å"Lamb†, is named after Charles. [7] Quotations * â€Å"Lawyers, I suppose, were children once. † — features in the preface of To Kill a Mockingbird. * â€Å"Man is a gaming animal . He must always be trying to get the better in something or other. — features in the Essays of Elia, 1823. Selected works * Blank Verse, poetry, 1798 * A Tale of Rosamund Gray, and old blind Margaret, 1798 * John Woodvil, poetic drama, 1802 * Tales from Shakespeare, 1807 * The Adventures of Ulysses, 1808 * Specimens of English Dramatic poets who lived about the time of Shakespeare, 1808 * On the Tragedies of Shakespeare, 1811 * Witches and Other Night Fears, 1821 * The Pawnbroker's Daughter, 1825 * Eliana, 1867 * Essays of Elia, 1823 * The Last Essays of Elia, 1833 Biographical references * Life of Charles Lamb by E. V. Lucas, G. P. Putman & Sons, London, 1905. * Charles Lamb and the Lloyds by E.V. Lucas Smith, Elder & Company, London, 1898. * Charles Lamb and His Contemporaries, by Edmund Blunden, Cambridge University Press, 1933. * Companion to Charles Lamb, by Claude Prance, Mansell Publishing, London, 1938. * Charles Lamb; A Memoir, by Barry Cornwall aka Bryan Procter, E dward Moxon, London, 1866. * Young Charles Lamb, by Winifred Courtney, New York University Press, 1982. * Portrait of Charles Lamb, by David Cecil, Constable, London, 1983. * Charles Lamb, by George Barnett, Twayne Publishers, Boston, 1976. * A Double Life: A Biography of Charles and Mary Lamb by Sarah Burton, Viking, 1993. The Lambs: Their Lives, Their Friends, and Their Correspondence by William Carew Hazlitt, C. Scribner's Sons, 1897. References 1. ^ Lucas, Edward Verrall; Lamb, John (1905). The life of Charles Lamb. 1. London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. xvii. OCLC  361094. 2. ^ Last Essays of Elia page 7 3. ^ Lucas, Life of Lamb page 41 4. ^ The Essays of Elia page 23 5. ^ Literary Enfield Retrieved 04 June 2008 6. ^ Fadiman, Anne. â€Å"The Unfuzzy Lamb†. At Large and At Small: Familiar Essays. pp. 26–27. 7. ^ Lamb, Charles â€Å"Best Letters of Charles Lamb. † Best Letters of Charles Lamb (2006): 1. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Web. 1 Nov. 2009.

Being Fat a Big Issue

Being Fat a Big Issue Daniel Gutierrez English 1430, Fall 2010, Section 02 Professor A. Hepner October 14th, 2010 Daniel Gutierrez A. Hepner ENG 1300-01 October 14th, 2010 Being Fat a Big Issue Being fat is one of the biggest issues lately. Our society has created a stereotype of how people should look and it is not exactly a fat boy/girl. People who are fat have suffered every day for how they look and many times our society ignores fat people’s feelings.Obese people have been suffering depression and discrimination for being fat, even though sometimes it is a disease or compulsive eating (eating disorder) that makes them fat, there are also some irresponsible cases of eating unhealthily and it not working out. Obese people today tend to be discriminated for being fat in our society. Overweight people are not different to us; they are people like you and me, for that reason we should not judge them. They are part of our society and they deserve respect and understanding. Ms.C laudia Gomez said, â€Å"It is hard for us when I take the bus and everybody looking us like if we are different or if we are funny, they don’t know how painful it is. † In addition, there are some studies to show that depression can be responsible for overweight especially in women (Overweight and Depression). Moreover, some obese people have eating disorder like compulsive overeating. Compulsive overeating is an addiction to food in big quantities. People suffering compulsive overeating used to eat to hide their emotions, to avoid what they feel inside or their life problems.As Susie Orbach said in her essay, Fat as a Feminist Issue, â€Å"Women suffering from the problem of compulsive eating endure double anguish: feeling out of step with the rest of society, and believing that it is all their own fault†¦. (201)† Overweight people have a disease which means people having extra body weight from muscle, bone and fat (What are Overweight and Obesity). There are some options to lose weight such as: surgery, diets by a nutritionist, exercise and some medicines. According to Medline Plus one of the common options for very obese people is the Gastric by Pass Surgery.After this surgery the patients will not be capable of eating like they ate before. This is an alternative to lose weight faster but also the patients have to follow a diet and do exercise (Gastric Bypass Surgery). Furthermore, obese people have not been practicing healthy habits. The most common unhealthy habits among overweight people are: they do not do exercise, they eat too frequently, usually eat more than one time at the same meal, they stay away from lightest activities (like use the stairs or walk a little), and they eat when they are not truly hungry (Frisch).Likewise, overweight people might be more responsible. Everybody knows what we can do or what we can’t. If I know that I’m gaining weight, I also know that I have to take care of what I eat and do exercise. But many obese people know that they are fat and they still eat unhealthy food and also they do not do exercise. I think this is happening because we like to blame the circumstances (depression, divorce, childhood, etc). But at the same time they also know that being overweight may not be their fault but they are responsible to remain so, because what we do is our choice.Even though there are many advertisements that encourage us to eat unhealthy, nobody is forcing us to eat that food. Also you are the only one who can make the simple decision of taking the elevator or go up stairs. Being obese or overweight is an irresponsible act that makes people sick and this affects everybody because this is a public health problem that should not be. In his essay, What You Eat Is Your Business, Radley Balko maintains that, â€Å"the best way to alleviate the obesity â€Å"public health† crisis is to remove obesity from the realm of public health (157). As he said, here some p eople would probably say that people should be responsible with their own health because we are the only ones who make the choice of living healthy or not. On the other hand, some fat people are proud of how they are. Mr. Alvarado who is weighting around 310 pounds describes himself as a big man and he said, â€Å"I don’t feel bad because I’m fat, I am happy how I am, a big man. I’m comfortable with my weight, I am healthy and I don’t want to change because the society says that people should be thin. In my opinion, over the years and following the bad habits that he has, I am not sure if he is going to be healthy. He maybe is proud of how he is but if he does not start to eat healthy and do exercise, he is going to see the consequences in a few years. In conclusion, being obese or overweight is an issue but it is also a disease. Although, it is unhealthy and unsightly, the hardest is some of them feel like they cannot fit in our society. In my opinion, we should not judge them; we should help them to make the correct decision to have a healthy life and also we have to change the stereotype that the society has showed us.Also, I used to think all obese people were unhappy to be fat. But my recent researches show me that some obese people simply do not care what people say about them and they are happy how they are. Works Cited Pages: †¢ â€Å"Compulsive Overeating† Something Fishy, Website on Eating Disorders. Web. October 07. 2010. http://www. something-fishy. org/whatarethey/coe. php †¢ â€Å"Gastric Bypass Surgery. † Shabir Bhimji MD, PhD, Specializing in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Midland , TX Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A. D. A. M. Medine Plus, Trusted Healthy Information for You. Update Date, May 17. 2010. Web. October 07. 2010. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007199. htm †¢ â€Å"Overweight an d Depression. † Women’s Health Resource, Taking Care of Your Body. Web. October 07. 2010. http://www. wdxcyber. com/overweight-depression. html †¢ â€Å"What are Overweight and Obesity† Overweight and Obesity. Revised March. 2010. Web. October 07. 2010. http://www. nhlbi. nih. ov/health/dci/Diseases/obe/obe_whatare. html †¢ Balko, Radley. â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business. † They Say / I say with Readings. Ed. Graff, Birkenstein, Durst. New York-London. 2009. 157-161. Print. †¢ Frisch, Louann. â€Å"7 Bad Habits of Overweight People. † Community and Resources. 24 Hours Fitness. Web. October 07. 2010. http://www. 24hourfitness. com/resources/weight_loss/articles/bad_habits. html †¢ Orbach, Susie. â€Å"Fat as a Feminist Issue. † They Say / I say with Readings. Ed. Graff, Birkenstein, Durst. New York-London. 2009. 200-205. Print.

A=p

A=p The story A+P by John Updike, takes pace in a store in the 1960's. Sammy, the narrator, is working as a checkout clerk in the third aisle.As the story begins, three girls walk into the store wearing only bathing suits. When the girls reach the bread, Sammy takes notice of the three. His eye first catches the one in the green plaid two-piece. After analyzing her appearance he realizes that he is a the register with a box of Hiho crackers. Sammy not remembering if he rung the item up, rings it through. This set of the lady, and she yelled at Sammy, for slipping up.After settling the conflict, Sammy sent the woman on her way. When she leaves, Sammy sees that the girls are in the aisle between the registers and the special bins. Sammy then he becomes aware of the fact that they are not wearing shoes.QueenieHe then describes for us the appearance of the one in a green two-piece. He calls this girl "the chunky one." The chunky one has a chubby face and her lips are bunched under he nose. T he second girl, later called big tall Gonnie goonie, has black hair that did not frizz right. She also has a chin that is too long and she has a sunburn under her eyes. He sums up her appearance a the girl everybody finds attractive but that does not make it. Then he evaluates the appearance of the third girl. From the time he started looking at her he could tell that she was the queen of the three. He could tell this because she walk with confidence and she knew how do it. it was like she talked them into coming with her s she could show them how to do...

History of the Caste System in India

History of the Caste System in India The origins of the caste system in India and Nepal are not fully known, but castes seems to have originated more than two thousand years ago. Under this system, which is associated with Hinduism, people were categorized by their occupations. Although originally caste depended upon a persons work, it soon became hereditary. Each person was born into an unalterable social status. The four primary castes are Brahmin, the priests; Kshatriya, warriors and nobility; Vaisya, farmers, traders and artisans; and Shudra, tenant farmers, and servants. Some people were born outside of (and below) the caste system. They were called untouchables or Dalits- the crushed ones. Theology Behind the Castes Reincarnation is the process by which a soul is reborn into a new material form after each life; it is one of the central features of the Hindu cosmology. Souls can move not only among different levels of human society, but also into other animals. This belief is thought to be one of the primary reasons for the vegetarianism of many Hindus. Within a single lifetime, people in India historically had little social mobility. They had to strive for virtue during their present lives in order to attain a higher station their next time around. In this system, a particular souls new form depends upon the virtuousness of its previous behavior. Thus, a truly virtuous person from the Shudra caste could be rewarded with rebirth as a Brahmin in his or her next life. Daily Significance of Caste Practices associated with caste varied through time and across India, but all shared some common features. The three key areas of life historically dominated by caste were marriage, meals, and religious worship. Marriage across caste lines was strictly forbidden. Most people even married within their own sub-caste or jati. At mealtimes, anyone could accept food from the hands of a Brahmin, but a Brahmin would be polluted if he or she took certain types of food from a lower caste person. At the other extreme, if an untouchable dared to draw water from a public well, he or she polluted the water, and nobody else could use it. In religious worship, Brahmins, as the priestly class, presided over rituals and services including preparation for festivals and holidays, as well as marriages and funerals. The Kshatrya and Vaisya castes had full rights to worship, but in some places, Shudras (the servant caste) were not allowed to offer sacrifices to the gods. Untouchables were barred entirely from temples, and sometimes they were not even allowed to set foot on temple grounds. If the shadow of an untouchable touched a Brahmin, the Brahmin would be polluted, so untouchables had to lay face-down at a distance when a Brahmin passed. Thousands of Castes Although the early Vedic sources name four primary castes, in fact, there were thousands of castes, sub-castes, and communities within Indian society. These jati were the basis of both social status and occupation. Castes or sub-castes besides the four mentioned in the Bhagavad Gita include such groups as the Bhumihar or landowners, Kayastha or scribes, and the Rajput, a northern sector of the Kshatriya, or warrior, caste. Some castes arose from very specific occupations, such as the Garudi- snake charmers- or the Sonjhari, who collected gold from river beds. The Untouchables People who violated social norms could be punished by being made untouchables. This was not the lowest caste. The person deemed untouchable- and their descendants- were condemned and completely outside of the caste system. Untouchables were considered so impure that any contact with them by a caste member would contaminate the member. The polluted person would have to bathe and wash his or her clothing immediately.  The untouchables historically did work that no one else would do, like scavenging animal carcasses, leather-work, or killing rats and other pests.  Untouchables could not eat in the same room as caste members and could not be cremated when they died. Caste among Non-Hindus Curiously, non-Hindu populations in India sometimes organized themselves into castes as well. After the introduction of Islam on the subcontinent, for example, Muslims were divided into classes such as the Sayed, Sheikh, Mughal, Pathan, and Qureshi. These castes are drawn from several sources: The Mughal and Pathan are ethnic groups, roughly speaking, while the Qureshi name comes from the Prophet Muhammads clan in Mecca. Small numbers of Indians were Christian from around 50 CE onward. Christianity expanded in India after the Portuguese arrived in the 16th century. Many Christian Indians continued to observe caste distinctions, however. Origins of the Caste System Early written evidence about the caste system appears in the Vedas, Sanskrit-language texts that date from as early as 1500 BCE. The Vedas form the basis of Hindu scripture. The Rigveda, however, which dates from around 1700–1100 BCE, rarely mentions caste distinctions and is taken as evidence that social mobility was common in its time. The Bhagavad Gita, which dates from around 200 BCE–200 CE, emphasizes the importance of caste. In addition, the Laws of Manu or Manusmriti, from the same era, defines the rights and duties of the four different castes or varnas. Thus, it seems that the Hindu caste system began to solidify sometime between 1000 and 200 BCE. The Caste System During Classical Indian History The caste system was not absolute during much of Indian history. For example, the renowned Gupta Dynasty, which ruled from 320 to 550 CE, was from the Vaishya caste rather than the Kshatriya. Many later rulers also were from different castes, such as the Madurai Nayaks (who ruled from 1559 to 1739 CE) who were Balijas (traders). From the 12th century to the 18th century CE, much of India was ruled by Muslims. These rulers reduced the power of the Hindu priestly caste, the Brahmins. The traditional Hindu rulers and warriors, or Kshatriyas, nearly ceased to exist in north and central India. The Vaishya and Shudra castes also virtually melded together. Although the Muslim rulers faith had a strong impact on the Hindu upper castes in the centers of power, anti-Muslim feeling in rural areas actually strengthened the caste system. Hindu villagers reconfirmed their identity through caste affiliation. Nonetheless, during the six centuries of Islamic domination (roughly 1150–1750 CE), the caste system evolved considerably. For example, Brahmins began to rely on farming for their income, since the Muslim kings did not give rich gifts to Hindu temples. This farming practice was considered justified so long as Shudras did the actual physical labor. The British Raj and Caste When the British Raj began to take power in India in 1757, they exploited the caste system as a means of social control. The British allied themselves with the Brahmin caste, restoring some of its privileges, which had been repealed by the Muslim rulers. However, many Indian customs concerning the lower castes seemed discriminatory to the British, so these were outlawed. During the 1930s and 1940s, the British government made laws to protect the Scheduled castes, untouchables and low-caste people. A movement toward the abolition of untouchability took place within Indian society in the 19th and early 20th centuries as well. In 1928, the first temple welcomed untouchables (Dalits) to worship with its upper-caste members. Mohandas Gandhi advocated emancipation for the Dalits, too, coining the term harijan or Children of God to describe them. Caste Relations in Independent India The Republic of India became independent on August 15, 1947. Indias new government instituted laws to protect the Scheduled castes and tribes which included both the untouchables and groups living traditional lifestyles. These laws include quota systems that help to ensure access to education and to government posts. Because of these shifts, a persons caste has become somewhat more of a political category than a social or religious one in modern India. Sources: Ali, Syed. Collective and Elective Ethnicity: Caste among Urban Muslims in India, Sociological Forum, vol. 17, no. 4, December 2002, pp. 593-620.Chandra, Ramesh. Identity and Genesis of Caste System in India. Gyan Books, 2005.Ghurye, G.S. Caste and Race in India. Popular Prakashan, 1996.Perez, Rosa Maria. Kings and Untouchables: A Study of the Caste System in Western India. Orient Blackswan, 2004.Reddy, Deepa S. The Ethnicity of Caste, Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 78, no. 3, Summer 2005, pp. 543-584.